Research Article
Development of Laminated Egg-Shaped Tsunami Shelter Structure Made of Steel-Cushioning-Steel
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 5, October 2024
Pages:
118-128
Received:
8 September 2024
Accepted:
27 September 2024
Published:
18 October 2024
Abstract: When a tsunami is caused by an earthquake or other event, spherical shelters are developed to protect people from the tsunami. This study proposes a new egg-shaped laminated tsunami shelter with a buffer layer to improve the functionality of traditional spherical shelters. The inner and outer shells of this shelter are made from thin-walled stainless steel, using the integral hydro bulge forming (IHBF) process. The space between these two layers was filled with urethane foam, providing an elastic buffer. This resulted in a laminated egg-shaped structure designed for tsunami protection. To verify the proposed laminated egg-shaped tsunami shelter and its processing method, an egg-shaped shell with an external shape (length 660 mm, width 493 mm) was fabricated using a 1.0 mm thick stainless plate, and a laminated egg-shaped tsunami shelter with a 25 mm thick intermediate layer made of urethane foam was fabricated. The shape accuracy of the processed egg-shaped laminated tsunami shelter structure was measured, and the maximum error between the surface shape of the molded egg-shaped shell and the true egg shape was -4.13 mm, and the relative error to the maximum radius of the egg shape of 246.5 mm was -1.68%. In addition, to assess the buffering effect under external impact loads, acceleration sensors were attached to both the inner and outer layers of the fabricated egg-shaped laminated tsunami shelters. A hammer was used to apply an impact load to the outer layer, and the response acceleration values recorded by the sensors on both layers were compared. It was found that the response acceleration of the inner layer was 15.81% lower than that of the outer layer.
Abstract: When a tsunami is caused by an earthquake or other event, spherical shelters are developed to protect people from the tsunami. This study proposes a new egg-shaped laminated tsunami shelter with a buffer layer to improve the functionality of traditional spherical shelters. The inner and outer shells of this shelter are made from thin-walled stainle...
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Review Article
Challenges and Opportunities of Tractor Adoption by Smallholder Farmers in Gambella Region, Ethiopia
Chuol Bor*
,
Kher Deng
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 5, October 2024
Pages:
129-135
Received:
2 November 2024
Accepted:
15 November 2024
Published:
29 November 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmea.20241205.12
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Abstract: Tractor adoption by smallholder farmers in the Gambella region is essential for increasing agricultural productivity, improving food security, and promoting sustainable livelihoods. The sampling methods employed included purposive sampling to select kebelles and a lottery method for sample respondents. Primary data were collected through surveys, questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and field observations, while secondary data were obtained from government statistics, academic publications, non-governmental organization reports, market information, and historical records. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages. Regarding opportunities for tractor adoption, the study found that 9% of smallholder farmers used tractors to improve soil health, 20% to reduce labor costs, and 16% to enhance market access, 7% to reduce post-harvest losses, and 48% to increase productivity. Conversely, the study identified major constraints, with 27% citing high initial investment, 40% noting lack of credit access, 18% reporting limited technical expertise, and 15% indicating inadequate infrastructure as barriers to tractor adoption. To maximize adoption opportunities, government agencies and private companies should offer financial incentives and loans to support farmers’ tractor investments. Additionally, to address these adoption challenges, government, local, and non-governmental organizations should provide subsidies, low-interest loans, and technical training programs to enable smallholder farmers to purchase or rent tractors, thus enhancing access to mechanized services and improving agricultural productivity and efficiency.
Abstract: Tractor adoption by smallholder farmers in the Gambella region is essential for increasing agricultural productivity, improving food security, and promoting sustainable livelihoods. The sampling methods employed included purposive sampling to select kebelles and a lottery method for sample respondents. Primary data were collected through surveys, q...
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