The Effect of Bumper Dimensions and Car Speed on Neck and Lower Back Forces
Mithat Yanikoren,
Muhammet Murat Hocaoglu,
Bilal Usanmaz,
Omer Gundogdu
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, August 2023
Pages:
74-80
Received:
10 July 2023
Accepted:
3 August 2023
Published:
15 August 2023
Abstract: Vehicle vibrations significantly affect the health and comfort of the driver and passengers. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of vertical vehicle vibrations caused by speed bumpers on the driver's lower back and neck in terms of forces. To achieve this goal, a human biodynamic model with 11 degrees of freedom was included in a half vehicle model with 5 degrees of freedom. This composite human vehicle model was subjected to half-sinusoidal shaped bumps of different sizes (heights and widths) and with different vehicle speeds. The equations of motion of the system were solved using MATLAB (R2021a) to find the forces acting on the lower back and neck joint. In this article, besides commenting on the speed of the cars passing through the bumps, the effect of the bumps on the driver's lower back and neck was tried to be deduced in terms of forces. The results are presented visually and comparatively in graphs. At the end of the article, it was concluded that the mentioned speed bumps should be designed considering human comfort and health. In addition, in biomechanical studies examining human-vehicle-road interaction, it was emphasized that the parameter values of the human body should be determined more realistically.
Abstract: Vehicle vibrations significantly affect the health and comfort of the driver and passengers. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of vertical vehicle vibrations caused by speed bumpers on the driver's lower back and neck in terms of forces. To achieve this goal, a human biodynamic model with 11 degrees of freedom was included in a half v...
Show More
Processing and Characterization of Maraging Steel Using LPBF Additive Manufacturing Technology
Ramesh Kumar Saride,
Srinivas Vajjala,
Aman Kumar,
Rajesh Kumar,
Laxminarayana Pappula,
Jagan Reddy Ginuga
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, August 2023
Pages:
81-93
Received:
22 July 2023
Accepted:
8 August 2023
Published:
22 August 2023
Abstract: Manufacturing processes saw significant change with the advent of Additive manufacturing (AM), which enables manufacture of complex shaped components, light-weight designs with reduced manufacturing lead times. Production of components in Maraging steel using Laser Powder Bed fusion Technology (LPBF) AM technique has gained importance in recent times, especially in defence & aerospace sectors. Current work entails processing and characterization of Maraging Steel fabricated through LPBF technology. Using full factorial DoE, primary process parameters were identified as Laser Power - 200W, Scan speed - 800mm/sec, Hatch width - 80μm. A process window comprising of laser power and scan speed was identified corresponding to the region with an energy density of ~100J/mm3. Microstructural characterization of as-deposited (AD), solution treated (ST) and ST+Aged (STA) specimens using optical and SEM microscopy revealed presence of defects like lack-of-fusion, soot and spatter. Additionally, specimens were printed with modified process parameters with zig-zig scanning pattern, resulted in reduction of defects. Furthermore, micro-hardness and tensile properties have been evaluated in AD, ST and STA conditions. The tensile strength of AD is higher compared to wrought material, whereas, STA showed equivalent strength. Also, it was inferred that printing in horizontal orientation is preferable to attain higher tensile properties.
Abstract: Manufacturing processes saw significant change with the advent of Additive manufacturing (AM), which enables manufacture of complex shaped components, light-weight designs with reduced manufacturing lead times. Production of components in Maraging steel using Laser Powder Bed fusion Technology (LPBF) AM technique has gained importance in recent tim...
Show More
Techno-Economic Analysis of the Usage of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) System Compared to Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) for Power Generation in Nigeria
Diwa James Enyia,
Paul Chibundu Uzomah
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, August 2023
Pages:
94-99
Received:
26 July 2023
Accepted:
3 August 2023
Published:
22 August 2023
Abstract: Issues concerning increasing population on the global scale have greatly increased the overall demand of energy in different forms but mainly as electrical power for industrial and domestic needs. With a population of over 231,400,000 people as stated by World Bank, between (60-70)% of this population have little or no access to electricity. As a result, fossil fuels have since been employed but its effects on health, environment, and climate have been detrimental. Restorative measures to the environment against further impact have precipitated the need for renewable energy (R. E) sources that are better alternatives. This study looks into solar photovoltaic (PV) as a R. E source, limiting its scope to self-generation in Calabar and attempts to draw comparison with the conventional method for self-generation (petrol generator) of equal capacity and equivalent working conditions. Experiment was carried out on test-bed quantitatively and qualitatively to determine unit values like fuel consumption rate and emissions respectively for the test-bed. Values obtained were simulated using HOMER PRO alongside generated irradiance value for solar PV. Other values obtained were simulated with actual parameters like capital cost, operational & maintenance cost, etc., to determine the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and emissions rate for individual systems over a period of 10yrs. Results yielded a Net LCOE of 1.924/kWh and Net Zero emission for PV system; a Net LCOE of 16.401/kWh and a Net emission (Carbon content only) of 365,240 kg/yr for engine test-bed curing the two basic issues of cost and emission on the long-term.
Abstract: Issues concerning increasing population on the global scale have greatly increased the overall demand of energy in different forms but mainly as electrical power for industrial and domestic needs. With a population of over 231,400,000 people as stated by World Bank, between (60-70)% of this population have little or no access to electricity. As a r...
Show More
